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عمومی::
سطح خرد
Change relies ultimately on the micro-level efforts of particular people within particular organizations.
The task is to link together macro-level conditions with micro-level initiatives in a manner that acknowledges their mutual effects.
This 4P model links micro-level activity to macro-level conditions and trends, with the individual organizations in-between serving normally as arenas for local variation, and occasionally as sites for major innovation.
More than all this, these histories aim to combine micro-level accounts of crucial innovations with a macroscopic view of the evolving profession as a whole.
Typically, however, institutional theory has preferred broad-brush accounts of the rise and fall of macro practices, taking for granted the micro-level activities of practitioners on the ground (Smets et al.
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